gh-140746: Fix Thread.start() that can hang indefinitely - v2

[YvesDup]

This PR is based on the @ryv-odoo PR. I would have preferred to start from @ryv-odoo's PR branch rather than duplicating his code, but I don't know if that's possible.

Following the @colesbury comment,

I would lean towards changing Thread.start and _start_joinable_thread so that we can do the waiting in C:

       try:
           # Start joinable thread
           _start_joinable_thread(self._bootstrap, handle=self._os_thread_handle,
                                  daemon=self.daemon)
       except Exception:
           with _active_limbo_lock:
               del _limbo[self]
           raise

I think we could add a new states to _os_thread_handle to represent the state when self._started.set() was called and to represent the state when the thread fails before then.

I submit this PR that includes the waiting in C the module and raise a runtime exception when the thread handle state is set to failed. This exception is treated in the Thread.start.

• Issue: Thread.start() can hang indefinitely if the new thread fails (MemoryError) during its initialization #140746